Application Requirements for School of Management , Management Research Non Thesis (MAMRES- NT) Graduate Programs

Applications for graduate programs are evaluated by the Admission Jury in line with the specific requirements of the program. Admission is finalized by the approval of the related Graduate School

Executive Board upon the recommendation of the Jury and announced to the applicant.

Applicants could be called for written exams and interviews. All written exams and interviews are held in English.

Periods for application are announced in Academic Calendar. Quota: 15

Deadline: November 29, 2019

Interwiev date: December 02-05, 2019

Program coordinator : Prof. Dr. Syeda Arzu Wasti    Phone: 0216 483 96 62

Contact info ; awasti@sabanciuniv.edu

Applications by international applicants studying abroad are valid only after the approval and recognition of the last graduated higher education institution. Verification will be done by the candidate.

Turkish candidates graduated from a higher institution abroad should submit a certificate of equivalence by the Turkish Higher Education Council.

Application Documents and Requirements:

1. Online Application Form

Candidates can apply more than one program via internet. For each program applied, separate application is formed.

Print-out of Completed Application Form should be added to the Application Package.

Applicants either can submit their application documents, stated in the other required items, in person or can send via post. For each program applied, separate application is formed.

All the application documents become property of Sabancı University.

2. Official Transcript: Sealed and taken from Student Affairs of the applicant's university indicating the courses and grades taken.

3. Diploma : Undergraduate diplomas copy.

4. English Proficiency Exam Result: As the language of instruction at Sabancı University is English, the applicant is required to submit the score of one of the English proficiency assessment exams. Recognized exams, the minimum score required and period of validity are given in the table below. Photocopies of the documents mentioned below are accepted for application; however, originals will be requested upon registration in the case of admission.

After the test date, TOEFL and PTE scores are valid for two years; CPE and CAE scores are valid for three years; e-YDS, YDS scores are valid for five years.

Applicants who do not submit a valid English Proficiency Exam score, if they are accepted to a program (fulfilling all other requirements) can only be admitted to graduate study on the condition of obtaining a satisfactory grade in Sabancı University’s own English Language Assessment Exam (ELAE). Those candidates who fail to attend or get a satisfactory score in the exam are obliged to attend and successfully complete a full course of English Language Preparation in order to continue with graduate courses. Failure to complete this course successfully will result in termination of enrollment in a graduate program at Sabancı University.

Graduates of Sabancı University are exempt from submitting an English Proficiency Exam score provided that they apply within two years of their graduation.

*According to the latest instruction letter for Foreign Language Exam Equivalencies issued by the Centre for Selection and Placement of Students in order for an exam to be accepted as equivalent, it must have taken place in a building owned by a state university.

Furthermore, according to an announcement on February 26th 2016, by the Centre for Selection and Placement of Students, certificates from exams which took place before the date of the announcement (February 26th, 2016) will be considered as meeting requirements. If the application was made before the date of the announcement (February 26th, 2016) and the exam took place within 30 days of the announcement, the certificate will also be considered as meeting requirements.

4. Online affidavit for all Graduate School of Management’s graduate program applications.

5. ALES or other similar exams are not required for MAMRES-NT program applications 

6. Other Requirements:

•     An applicant should have an undergraduate diploma in order to be admitted to a graduate program.

Application Address:

Applicants who apply for the programs can apply via Graduate School of Management web site. Detailed information is available on the web pages mentioned-below.

Sabancı Üniversitesi 

Öğrenci Kaynakları Birimi,

Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Cd. No:27,

Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul 

 0 (216) 483 90 93 

 0 (216) 483 90 73

 studentinfo@sabanciuniv.edu

Application Requirements for PhD Management Program

Applications for graduate programs are evaluated by the Admission Jury in line with the specific requirements of the program. Admission is finalized by the approval of the related Graduate School Executive Board upon the recommendation of the Jury and announced to the applicant. 

Applicants could be called for written exams and interviews. All written exams and interviews are held in English.

Periods for application are announced in Academic Calendar.  Quota: 15

Deadline: November 29, 2019

Program coordinator is Prof. Dr. Oğuz Babüroğlu.

Contact info ; oguz.baburoglu@sabanciuniv.edu , 0216 483 96 59

Applications of international applicants studying abroad are valid only after the approval and recognition by the Turkish Higher Education Council on the last graduated higher education institution and the course of study . Required processes regarding recognition is to be started and followed by the student; and official document confirming the recognition is to be submitted to the University by the student. 

Turkish candidates graduated from a higher ecudation institution abroad should submit a certificate of equivalence by the Turkish Higher Education Council.

Application Documents and Requirements:

 1. Online Application Form

Candidates can apply more than one program through the online form. In such cases, candidates should select all the programs which they would like to apply and seperate application packages should be prepared for each program applied.

Print-out of Completed Application Form should be added to the Application Package.

Applicants either can submit their application documents, stated in the other required items, in person or can send via post.

All the application documents become property of Sabancı University. It is suggested to keep the original reports of TOEFL, GRE and GMAT scores for you, and apply with the copies of those exams. But transcript must be original.

2. Official Transcript: An official transcript, preferably sealed, issued by the Student Affairs unit of the applicant's previous university should be submitted. This document should indicate all the courses taken and the grades received by the applicant.

3. Two Letters of Recommendation: These should be either submitted online or posted in a sealed envelope. Ph.D. Recommendation Letter sample

 4. One Photograph: One photo is needed. If a photo has already been attached to the online application, this is not necessary.

5. Result for Graduate Program Entrance Exam : Any of the following science test results baring the minimum scores and which are within the validity period as indicated below should be submitted. Photocopies are acceptable for application, but originals should be submitted during registration.

 Any of the Following Test Results for Applications to Ph.D in Management:

 One of the following exam results is required to submit:

 GMAT: Min. score 600

 Other accepted exams

 Note: The validity period for these scores are as follows : GRE and GMAT 5 years; GAT 2 years.

 6. Candidates who will apply for PHD programs:

Candidates applying for the PhD Programs with a BA degree must hold a 3.00/4.00 GPA. The candidates graduated from institutions which apply a scale other than “X out of 4.00” system must provide a conversion table or an official letter of evidence from their institutions.

Candidates applying for the PhD Programs with an Master degree must hold an “Master with Thesis” degree. Candidates whose diplomas or transcripts do not contain such information must provide an official letter of evidence from their institutions.

Holders of “Non-thesis Master degree” may apply to PhD programs only upon submission of an official document from their institutions, certifying that they have already been enrolled to the “Non-thesis” program before February 6th, 2013.

 7.a) . “Foreign Language Exam Certificate” for PhD Programs: Photocopies of the documents mentioned below are accepted for application; however originals will be requested for registration in the case of admission.

For PhD admissions, the applicant needs to achieve the minimum required points from a central foreign language exam recognized by the Turkish Council of Higher Education (YÖK) or the equivalent in an international language proficiency exam recognized by ÖSYM Board. The native language of the applicant is not considered a foreign language. (Please click for language exam list which are accepted as equivalent by ÖSYM)

SU graduates also should submit language certificate as well.

ELAE exam is not substituted for language exam in PhD applications.

 The minimum scores required are given in the table below for Foreign Language Proficiency Certificates for proficiency in English

After the test date, TOEFL and PTE scores are valid for two years; CPE and CAE scores are valid for three years; e-YDS and YDS scores are valid for five years.

*If you submit TOEFL IBT, PTE Academic, CAE or CPE scores and take these exams in Turkey, the exam center must be a state university building. ( According to Article 6.3.d of Instruction letter for Foreign Language Exam Equivalencies issued by the Centre for Selection and Placement of Students)

Applicants who provide a “Foreign Language Proficiency Certificate” in one of the languages other than English listed in the language exam list which are accepted as equivalent by ÖSYM are also required to fulfill the English proficiency criteria stated below at 7.b.

7. b) English Proficiency Exam Result: As the language of instruction at Sabancı University is English, the applicant is required to submit the score of one of the English proficiency assessment exams. Recognized exams, the minimum score required and period of validity are given in the table below. Photocopies of the documents mentioned below are accepted for application; however originals will be requested for registration in the case of admission.

After the test date, TOEFL and PTE scores are valid for two years; CPE and CAE scores are valid for three years; e-YDS and YDS scores are valid for five years.

Applicants who are admitted to a program but could not submit a valid English Proficiency Exam score at application stage, can only be registered to graduate program on the condition of obtaining a satisfactory grade in Sabancı University’s own English Language Assessment Exam (ELAE).Those candidates who fail to attend or get a satisfactory score in ELAE exam are obliged to attend and successfully complete a full course of English Language Preparation in order to continue with graduate courses. Failure to complete this course successfully will result in termination of enrollment in a graduate program at Sabancı University.

Graduates of Sabancı University are exempt from submitting an English Proficiency Exam score provided that they apply within two years of their graduation. Period between graduation date from the previous program and registration date to the new program should be maximum 2 years.

*If you submit TOEFL IBT, PTE Academic, CAE or CPE scores and take these exams in Turkey, the exam center must be a state university building. ( According to Article 6.3.d of Instruction letter for Foreign Language Exam Equivalencies issued by the Centre for Selection and Placement of Students)

8. Statement of personal and professional purpose

9. Curriculum Vita 

10. Online affidavit for all School of Managements graduate program applications.

11. Other Requirements:

Ph.D. in Management is open to candidates with an undergraduate or graduate degree in the areas of management, economics, social sciences, natural sciences and engineering.

Application Address:

The candidates can submit their application packages in person or can send by post to the address below address. The date on which the documents are reached to SU will be taken into consideration. Applications sent by email could not be accepted.

Sabancı Üniversitesi Öğrenci Kaynakları Birimi, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Cd. No: 27, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul

(0216) 483 90 73

(0216) 483 90 93

studentinfo@sabanciuniv.edu

Global Exchange Applications for 2020-2021 academic year continues until 28 November 2019.

Online Application Starts: 11/11/2019 @ 10 a.m. – Ends: 28/11/2019 @4p.m.

For eligibility, application rules, agreements list and other details, please click!

Contact International Relations Office for your queries. 

Erasmus+ Worldwide Exchange Program applications for 2020-2021 Academic year continue. 

Erasmus+ Worldwide Exchange Program enables universities to conduct exchange program with the countries beyond Europe under Erasmus+ Program. 

Erasmus+ Grant is available for the students who participates to the program. 
The applications will be taken only for the universities below and for both Fall and Spring semester in 2020-2021 Academic Year.

Online Application Starts: 11/11/2019 @ 10 a.m. – Ends: 28/11/2019 @4p.m.

For eligibility, application rules, please click.

Contact International Relations Office for your queries. 

Sabancı University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC) has released the sixth issue of IICEC Energy Market Newsletter. 

Please click to read IICEC Energy Market Newsletter .

Sabancı University is introducing a new research project titled ‘Technological Arts Preservation’ led by Sakıp Sabancı Museum’s archive and research space, digitalSSM. The project will begin with a panel on ‘Conservation of Software-based art,’ followed by a conference on ‘Preservation of Net Art’ on 15 November 2019. The events will continue with the workshop titled ‘Time-based Media Conservation’ on 16 November 2019.

Artwork collections gradually branch out to include works produced using technologies including video, sound, image, code, virtual or augmented reality, kinetic, digital or physical hybridity. These artworks are also dependent on software and hardware technologies regarding their representation. Considering the rapid changes in technology, the question as to how these arworks will be conserved for the future emerges as a challenging issue for all instutitions shouldering the resposibility of preserving cultural legacy.

The project, which was made possible through the collaboration of scholars, new media and digital art conservators, software engineers, researchers, art world professionals and information managers from institutions including Berlin University of the Arts, Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe (ZKM), Rhizome, Sabancı University, Sakıp Sabancı Museum and Tate at foremost will revolve around questions below:

•    How and why should we preserve technological artworks?
•    How should we define and classify technological artworks?
•    What is the role of software in the preservation of technological artworks?
•    Recently, numerous artworks using technology are faced with the danger of disappearing as the software system, hardware and network infrastructure they employ become outdated. What measures should we take to maintain their endurance?
•    Would updating technological artworks per se rapid developments in their related fields affect their originality and historicity?
•    How could we maintain the preservation of artworks created through web-based technologies?
•    How would web archives operate as a tool for both representing and preserving technological artworks?
•    Which responsibilities should artists, curators and collection managers take to maintain the preservation of technological artworks?
•    Which methods do contemporary museums apply to preserve and include technological artworks in their collections?
•    Which strategies should we develop to maintain the accessibility of technological artworks in the future?
 
Project team:

Selçuk Artut (Faculty member, Visual Art and Visual Communication Design – Sabancı University)
Cemal Yılmaz (Faculty member, Computer Science & Engineering – Sabancı University)
Osman Serhat Karaman (Digital Preservation Specialist, Sabancı University Sakıp Sabancı Museum)

Contact: digitalssm@sabanciuniv.edu

Two participatory gender audits were held on Wednesday October 30th at Sabanci University in the scope of SU Gender’s project EU GEARING-Roles (Gender Equality Actions in Research Institutions to traNsform Gender Roles).

GEARING-Roles is a multidisciplinary consortium of 10 European academic and non-academic partners that will design, implement, and evaluate 6 Gender Equality Plans (GEPs), including one specially tailored for Sabanci University with the firm objective of challenging and transforming gender roles and identities linked to professional careers and work towards real institutional change. The Sabanci University project team consists of Ayse Gul Altinay, Ilayda Ece Ova and Zeynep Gulru Goker.

Facilitated by Ilayda Ece Ova and Zeynep Gulru Goker, the objective of the 1st Participatory Gender Audit was to draw insights on the quantitative and qualitative data collected at Sabanci University for institutional assessment, to fill in information gaps about program and unit based differences, to think deeper about institutional needs and to identify possible steps for advancing gender equality at the university. After a short presentation of the institutional assessment, participants worked in small groups to discuss matters regarding numbers of women students and faculty members in programs and issues related to work-life balance and career advancement in academic and administrative ranks. In the second group activity, the participants put to fore concrete suggestions for advancing gender equality. The objective of the 2nd PGA was collaboratively thinking about existing and new mechanisms for preventing and dealing with sexual harassment, sexist and homophobic/transphobic communication, mobbing, bullying and gender based violence. Participants worked in groups to discuss fictive scenarios and to think about existing and potential new mechanisms to promote gender equality in everyday communications and interactions. Other Participatory Gender Audits will be held in the coming months at Sabanci University, and the draft GEP is planned to be developed by the end of the year.

GThe objectives of the GEARING-Roles project are removing barriers to women’s recruitment and promotion and devise personal career development plans, to address gender imbalances in the representation, processes, and the promotion of women’s leadership in research institutions, to strengthen the gender dimension in research and curriculum and promote gender equality in research organizations and to build a sustainable long-term network of organizations advancing gender equality. Please see the project website for more information.

FENS Faculty Member Prof. Berrin Yanıkoğlu received a research grant for her project titled “Predicting and Ranking Semantic Facial Attributes Using Deep Learning”, from TÜBİTAK Scientific and Technological Research Projects 1001 Program.

The topic of the project is understanding semantic facial attributes and expressions, which has its uses in human-computer interaction and can facilitate suspect search in a database. The important research questions in this domain are how to achieve accurate, scalable (for many attributes) and adaptable (to new attributes) systems; these will be all addressed in this project.

Abbreviations:

FENS: Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences

IPC Nature and Climate Talks was continued with Prof. Dr. Ufuk Özdağ, a lecturer at Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters and the Founding Director of Land Ethic Research and Application Center:

WE HAVE TO START ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION IN DEGRADED AREAS WITH THE COOPERATION OF SOCIETY

The fifth speaker of the Nature and Climate Talks, organized by Sabancı University Istanbul Policy Center (IPC) is Prof. Dr. Ufuk Özdağ, who is a lecturer at Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters and the Founding Director of Land Ethic Research and Application Center. During the speech entitled "Land Ethics in the Age of Climate Crisis and Ecological Citizenship", Prof. Dr. Özdağ stated, "For the ecological era of the future, every citizen should take responsibility for the protection of nature and the restoration of degraded areas".

The fifth interviews of "Nature and Climate Talks" of Sabancı University Istanbul Policy Center (IPC) that bring together the researchers, academicians and civil society volunteers working in the field of nature conversion and climate change, was about the following concept: "Land Ethics and Ecological Citizenship in the Age of Climate Crisis". This month's speaker of "Nature and Climate Talks" that were initiated to present the environment and climate fields with a multidisciplinary understanding, was Prof. Dr. Ufuk Özdağ, who is a lecturer at Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters and the Founding Director of Land Ethic Research and Application Center.

Professor Dr. Özdağ, in her speech, mentioned Land Ethics the idea of Aldo Leopold, one of the pioneers of the modern environmental movement. That idea includes the conservation of wild areas, wildlife management, nature training on open field and the restoration of degraded lands and basins in cooperation with society. She gave examples of ecological restoration activities that are supported by the community and that focused on ecosystem health.

Regarding ecological citizenship, Prof. Dr. Özdağ emphasized the importance of grassroots movements and their participation within the context of the ecological era and she stated, “We should strive to spread the idea of land ethics in our country and initiate ecological restoration in cooperation with the society in our degraded areas. Today, there are countless organizations, government bodies, centers, academic units, non-governmental organizations focused on conservation of the world. While the number of publications on ecological restoration is increasing, land ethics is gaining more and more importance. So, we have stepped into the ecological era of the future”.

Environmental values should be interiorized by millions of students 

Referring to the importance of ecological literacy. Prof. Dr. Özdağ stated, "Today when our planet enters a critical period, "Literature and Environment", which is my research area, is important for raising awareness about the climate crisis" and continued:

"The environmental criticism approach that I am one of the pioneers of our country is gaining importance every day, and the publications that examine our rich literature full of nature elements within the framework of environmental criticism are increasing." Environmental critics fulfill the mission of creating a change in consciousness, spreading the idea that nature has the rights, and explaining that living beings have the right to life. It is extremely important to include this significant issue in our education system. Millions of school-age students need to learn the environmental values, and they must be taught that the nature and all living beings have the right to life. Nature writers have created universal values of nature. The inclusion of the works containing environmental values in our education system, the implementation of the ecological curriculum will create young people that respect the nature of the future. Students will be ecologically literate with the environmental values education that will be provided to the students, the interest in renewing the nature will increase in every region of our country and community supported ecological restoration will be started in the regions. Thanks to this new system of values, countries have begun to add rights of nature to their constitutions. For example, the New Zealand parliament recognized the Wanganui River as a "living entity." 

Every citizen is responsible for the ecological age of the future

During the conversation, moderated by Ümit Şahin from Istanbul Policy Center, Prof. Dr. Özdağ, by mentioning the example of the world and Turkey, and stated:

 "The restoration works supported by the community in developed countries with the cooperation of government bodies and the public have accelerated and are considered as a remedy for the climate crisis. For example, restoration work in the Mattole River basin in Northern California has restored ecosystem health, with the return of native Chinook salmon to the Mattole River, which has more than 70 tributaries. The restoration of the Mattole River basin is an example of ecosystems, degraded wildlife habitats and dried wetlands waiting to be regained with a holistic approach in our country. Land Ethics Research and Application Center, of which I am the founding director of Hacettepe University, organizes activities to promote ecological restoration in cooperation with the community in various regions of our country. The center stresses that for the ecological age of the future, every citizen in the region should take responsibility for the protection of nature and the restoration of degraded areas.  

Güler Sabancı, President of Sabancı University’s Board of Founding Trustees, addressed professionals 

at Commencement:

• In 20 years, Sabancı University has become a university that has made a difference in Turkey’s higher education.

• For 20 years, we never said, “We’ve done that, it’s finished”; we have always sought to be better. Always seeking to be better, always looking into the future, always thinking of new twenty years to come–this is all an integral part of our DNA. 

• We implemented a scientific, rationalist and participatory process to make use of all that technology has to offer to create a new and sustainable system of education.

• Learning, especially in today’s world, is a never-ending endeavor. 

• The possibilities to access information are as unlimited as they have never been before. My advice to you so that you don’t feel lost in this boundlessness is to define your priorities, and never hesitate to consult to ask for a new perspective. 

Sabancı University’s 2019 Professional Master’s Degree Programs Commencement ceremony took place on Saturday, October 19, 2019. This year, 220 students graduated from Sabancı University’s Information Technologies, Energy Technologies and Management, Data Analytics, Finance, Cyber Security, Management, Professional Management, and Executive Management (Executive MBA) Programs.

“In 20 years, Sabancı University has become a university that has made a difference in Turkey’s higher education”

Güler Sabancı, President of the Board of Founding Trustees of Sabancı University, said that in this 20th year of the start of the academic life of the University, the institution has become a university that has made a difference in Turkey’s system of higher education, earning international recognition. “For 20 years, we never said, ‘We’ve done that, it’s finished’; we have always sought to be better,” said Güler Sabancı. “Always seeking to be better, always looking into the future, thinking of new twenty years to come–this is all an integral part of our DNA” she continued. 

Sabancı called attention to the fact that since the first day of its foundation, Sabancı University has always worked to be on the side of the community and the business world. On this she remarked, “We strive to be an institution that closely monitors events in the developing world as well as movements and trends all over the world, working to translate needs into educational programs. It is Sabancı University’s special qualities that give us this flexibility.” Sabancı added, “We implemented a scientific, rationalist and participatory process to make use of all that technology has to offer to create a new and sustainable system of education.” 

Güler Sabancı said that the content of the school’s programs was open to change and designed to mesh with the areas of business of the future, adding, “Our goal was to provide you with competences that would be well grounded anywhere in the world.” 

Sabancı stressed that the world was turning at such a head-spinning pace and changing so rapidly that anyone who wishes to be one step ahead needs to update and renew themselves. She underlined that those graduating with their Master’s Degrees had passed a critical threshold in doing this. 

Underlining that learning is a continuous process, especially in today’s world, Güler Sabancı concluded her statements by saying, “My advice to you so that you don’t feel lost in this boundlessness is to define your priorities, and never hesitate to consult to ask for a new perspective, and also never forget Sabancı University.”

“We prioritize working more closely together with the sectors and developing our centers”

In his speech, Sabancı University Rector Yusuf Leblebici said that the recent advances the University had made had carried the institution to the top of both national and international rankings. He added that the entrance scores of the students accepted into Sabancı University’s undergraduate program have steadily risen over the years, arriving at an unprecedented level. He pointed out that as of 2019, the school was proud of earning the distinction of being the university to accept students at the highest base point. Stressing that the university now had close to 12,000 graduates, Leblebici said that these graduates had proven themselves successful in both business and academia.

Yusuf Leblebici added: “We also see systematic increases in the numbers of students joining our Master’s and Doctorate programs as well as in the quality of their academic achievement. Our goal is to soon position ourselves as a more prominent world university that stands out particularly with its graduate programs and research opportunities. We emphasize at every chance that we will not be satisfied with being only the best in Turkey but that our goal is to reach a quality of education that will make us a prestigious world-class university. Our status in the international university rankings places us at first place in Turkey, but our essential aim is to raise our ranking among the universities in the world. In this coming period, ‘positive’ differentiation will be one of our major goals.” The rector continued to say that to achieve this, the university’s priorities were to work with industry and the sectors and to develop its various Centers.

Yusuf Leblebici commented that the university’s research centers, active in engineering, management sciences and social sciences, were now involved in collaborations with the community and in industrial partnerships in large-scale major projects. He added: “The common feature of all of these projects is the fact that they are being executed together with the sectors, industries and the business community. As a university, we are aware that we can only maintain and further develop our leadership position by working closely with the business community. We continue to take steps to expand upon these relations, both in Turkey and on an international platform.”

“We are on the threshold of making new and outstanding strides with regard to our Professional Master’s Degree Programs”

Stressing that the professional training programs are an important element in their efforts, Leblebici continued, “As Sabancı University, we are on the threshold of making new and outstanding strides with regard to our Professional Master’s Degree Programs. We are activating our potential in this context both here in Turkey and internationally in order to meet the needs of business and in an effort to further increase the visibility of our university. Over the years, our professional programs have won great recognition and acknowledgment for their quality and effectiveness and we will now be adding new ones with plans to increase the diversity of the programs in the years to come.” Yusuf Leblebici remarked, “In support of these efforts, we have activated our plans to create a city campus.”

He concluded with the words, “Since its establishment, Sabancı University has always stood beside industry and the business world and succeeded in occupying a prestigious position in the community. In this, the 20th year of our starting out on our academic journey, we will continue to move forward with the support of you, our students and graduates.”

Gül Ulutaş, a graduate of the Information Technologies Program and Zeynep Bahar Çelik of the Alumni Association each presented speeches.